@article {356, title = {An introduction to the study of experimental medicine}, journal = {Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association}, volume = {39}, year = {1950}, month = {10/1950}, chapter = {597}, abstract = {Contents: Part 1: Experimental Reasoning Chapter 1: Observation and Experiment i. Various definitions of observation and experiment ii. Gaining experience and relying on observation is different from making experiments and making observations iii. The investigator; scientific research iv. Observers and experimenters; the sciences of observation and of experiment v. Experiment is fundamentally only induced observation vi. In experimental reasoning, experimenters are not separate from observers Chapter 2: The A Priori Idea and Doubt in Experimental Reasoning i. Experimental truths are objective or external ii. Intuition or feeling begets the experimental idea iii. Experimenters must doubt, avoid fixed ideas, and always keep their freedom of mind iv. The independent character of the experimental method v. Induction and deduction in experimental reasoning vi. Doubt in experimental reasoning vii. The principle of the experimental criterion viii. Proof and counterproof Part 2: Experimentation with Living Beings Part 3: Applications of the Experimental Method to the Study of Vital Phenomena}, doi = {10.1002/jps.3030391022}, url = {http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16234}, author = {Claude Bernard} }